Easter Eggs - Revision history

Staffan Björk at 13:24, 27 September 2014

2014-09-27T13:24:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:24, 27 September 2014
Line 18:		Line 18:

	== Using the pattern ==		== Using the pattern ==
	Designing [[Easter Eggs]] consisting of what they should contain, where in the [[Game Worlds]] they should exist, and making sure they are [[Optional Goals]]. [[Easter Eggs]] are typically [[Resources]] or [[Extra-Game Information]] (often humorous) but as the [[Day of the Tentacle]] and [[Star Trek: The Next Generation]] examples show, they can also be [[Minigames]]. To make them a challenge to find, they are often put in [[Secret Areas]] which also helps maintain the [[Thematic Consistency]] until they are found - this lets players make a choice between searching for [[Easter Eggs]] and probably experiencing thematic inconsistency or ignore these and probably not have any thematic inconsistencies. [[Minigames]] that are [[Easter Eggs]] do not need to make use of [[Secret Areas]] since they instead change the game presentation (or part of it) when players have found the ways of activating them; this is typically through having them "hidden" in [[Installations]] or other [[Game Worlds\|Game World]] objects that can be found by sufficient [[Game World Exploration]].		Designing [[Easter Eggs]] consisting of what they should contain, where in the [[Game Worlds]] they should exist, and making sure they are [[Optional Goals]]. [[Easter Eggs]] are typically [[Secret Resources]] or [[Extra-Game Information]] (often humorous) but as the [[Day of the Tentacle]] and [[Star Trek: The Next Generation]] examples show, they can also be [[Minigames]]. To make them a challenge to find, they are often put in [[Secret Areas]] which also helps maintain the [[Thematic Consistency]] until they are found - this lets players make a choice between searching for [[Easter Eggs]] and probably experiencing thematic inconsistency or ignore these and probably not have any thematic inconsistencies. [[Minigames]] that are [[Easter Eggs]] do not need to make use of [[Secret Areas]] since they instead change the game presentation (or part of it) when players have found the ways of activating them; this is typically through having them "hidden" in [[Installations]] or other [[Game Worlds\|Game World]] objects that can be found by sufficient [[Game World Exploration]].


Line 54:		Line 54:
	=== Can Be Instantiated By ===		=== Can Be Instantiated By ===
	[[Extra-Game Information]],		[[Extra-Game Information]],
	[[Resources]],		[[Secret Resources]],
	[[Secret Areas]]		[[Secret Areas]]

Staffan Björk at 08:16, 1 November 2012

2012-11-01T08:16:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:16, 1 November 2012
Line 30:		Line 30:

	== Consequences ==		== Consequences ==
	[[Easter Eggs]] are a way of providing [[Surprises]] in games by hiding secrets in [[Game Worlds]]. They are often a form of [[Extra-Game Information]] that breaks [[Thematic Consistency]], but do encourage [[Game World Exploration]] and [[Replayability]]. They add social components through creating [[Meta Games]] of finding the [[Easter Eggs]] before others, something that can lead to both [[Game-~~Induced Player~~ Social ~~Status~~]] and [[Bragging]] and through this to [[Social Interaction]] between players. While this can occur in all types of games, the effects are more profound in [[Single-Player Games]] since these may otherwise not have the patterns. The actual description of [[Easter Eggs]] and their locations are a form of [[Trans-Game Information]] between players.		[[Easter Eggs]] are a way of providing [[Surprises]] in games by hiding secrets in [[Game Worlds]]. They are often a form of [[Extra-Game Information]] that breaks [[Thematic Consistency]], but do encourage [[Game World Exploration]] and [[Replayability]]. They add social components through creating [[Meta Games]] of finding the [[Easter Eggs]] before others, something that can lead to both [[Game-Based Social Statuses]] and [[Bragging]] and through this to [[Social Interaction]] between players. While this can occur in all types of games, the effects are more profound in [[Single-Player Games]] since these may otherwise not have the patterns. The actual description of [[Easter Eggs]] and their locations are a form of [[Trans-Game Information]] between players.

	While they most often are hidden within [[Secret Areas]] these are typically harder to find than other [[Secret Areas]] in the same game are thereby support [[Challenging Gameplay]] to complete the [[Optional Goals]] of finding these. This of course assumes that players have reasons to believe they exist (which can be either due to [[Clues]] or due to [[Trans-Game Information]] between players).		While they most often are hidden within [[Secret Areas]] these are typically harder to find than other [[Secret Areas]] in the same game are thereby support [[Challenging Gameplay]] to complete the [[Optional Goals]] of finding these. This of course assumes that players have reasons to believe they exist (which can be either due to [[Clues]] or due to [[Trans-Game Information]] between players).
Line 40:		Line 40:
	[[Bragging]],		[[Bragging]],
	[[Game World Exploration]],		[[Game World Exploration]],
	[[Game-~~Induced Player~~ Social ~~Status~~]],		[[Game-Based Social Statuses]],
	[[Meta Games]],		[[Meta Games]],
	[[Optional Goals]],		[[Optional Goals]],

Staffan Björk at 17:27, 10 October 2011

2011-10-10T17:27:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:27, 10 October 2011
Line 30:		Line 30:

	== Consequences ==		== Consequences ==
	[[Easter Eggs]] are a way of providing [[Surprises]] in games by hiding secrets in [[Game Worlds]]. They are often a form of [[Extra-Game Information]] that breaks [[Thematic Consistency]], but do encourage [[Game World Exploration]] and [[Replayability]]. ~~In [[Single-Player Games]], they~~ add social components through creating [[Meta Games]] of finding the [[Easter Eggs]] before others, something that can lead to both [[Game-Induced Player Social Status]] and [[Bragging]] and through this to [[Social Interaction]] between players. The actual description of [[Easter Eggs]] and their locations are a form of [[Trans-Game Information]] between players.		[[Easter Eggs]] are a way of providing [[Surprises]] in games by hiding secrets in [[Game Worlds]]. They are often a form of [[Extra-Game Information]] that breaks [[Thematic Consistency]], but do encourage [[Game World Exploration]] and [[Replayability]]. They add social components through creating [[Meta Games]] of finding the [[Easter Eggs]] before others, something that can lead to both [[Game-Induced Player Social Status]] and [[Bragging]] and through this to [[Social Interaction]] between players. While this can occur in all types of games, the effects are more profound in [[Single-Player Games]] since these may otherwise not have the patterns. The actual description of [[Easter Eggs]] and their locations are a form of [[Trans-Game Information]] between players.

	While they most often are hidden within [[Secret Areas]] these are typically harder to find than other [[Secret Areas]] in the same game are thereby support [[Challenging Gameplay]] to complete the [[Optional Goals]] of finding these. This of course assumes that players have reasons to believe they exist (which can be either due to [[Clues]] or due to [[Trans-Game Information]] between players).		While they most often are hidden within [[Secret Areas]] these are typically harder to find than other [[Secret Areas]] in the same game are thereby support [[Challenging Gameplay]] to complete the [[Optional Goals]] of finding these. This of course assumes that players have reasons to believe they exist (which can be either due to [[Clues]] or due to [[Trans-Game Information]] between players).
Line 38:		Line 38:
	== Relations ==		== Relations ==
	=== Can Instantiate ===		=== Can Instantiate ===
			[[Bragging]],
	[[Game World Exploration]],		[[Game World Exploration]],
			[[Game-Induced Player Social Status]],
			[[Meta Games]],
	[[Optional Goals]],		[[Optional Goals]],
	[[Replayability]],		[[Replayability]],
			[[Social Interaction]],
	[[Surprises]],		[[Surprises]],
	[[Trans-Game Information]]		[[Trans-Game Information]]

	~~==== with [[Single-Player Games]] ====~~
	~~[[Bragging]],~~
	~~[[Game-Induced Player Social Status]],~~
	~~[[Meta Games]],~~
	~~[[Social Interaction]]~~

	=== Can Modulate ===		=== Can Modulate ===

Staffan Björk at 07:12, 8 October 2011

2011-10-08T07:12:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:12, 8 October 2011
Line 4:		Line 4:
	[[Category:Needs revision]]		[[Category:Needs revision]]
	[[Category:Needs references]]		[[Category:Needs references]]
	~~[[Category:Stub]]~~
	~~[[Category:Staffan's current workpage]]~~
	''Surprises in the game that are not related to the game diegesis.''		''Surprises in the game that are not related to the game diegesis.''

Staffan Björk at 07:12, 8 October 2011

2011-10-08T07:12:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:12, 8 October 2011
Line 8:		Line 8:
	''Surprises in the game that are not related to the game diegesis.''		''Surprises in the game that are not related to the game diegesis.''

	[[Easter Eggs]] are surprises put in games that do not directly affect gameplay nor does necessarily advance any story. Often they do not even fit within the reality of the Game World. The design of [[Easter Eggs]] started as programmers' and game designers' ways of protesting against management but soon turned into a gameplay value, encouraging ~~exploration and~~ people to replay the games.		[[Easter Eggs]] are surprises put in games that do not directly affect gameplay nor does necessarily advance any story. Often they do not even fit within the reality of the Game World. The design of [[Easter Eggs]] started as programmers' and game designers' ways of protesting against management but soon turned into a gameplay value, encouraging people to explore and replay the games.

	=== Examples ===		=== Examples ===
	The first documented [[Easter Eggs\|Easter Egg]] was the text "Created by Robinett." in the game [[Adventure]]. It was put there by its programmer and designer, Warren Robinett. To find it, players had find an object a single pixel large that had the same color as the background of the game and was located in a room that was inaccessible unless you used a special bridge. This object then had to be carried to a specific wall to let the players enter a secret room which contained the message.		The first documented [[Easter Eggs\|Easter Egg]] was the text "Created by Robinett." in the game [[Adventure]]. It was put there by its programmer and designer, Warren Robinett. To find it, players had to find an object a single pixel large that had the same color as the background of the game and was located in a room that was inaccessible unless you used a special bridge. This object then had to be carried to a specific wall to let the players enter a secret room which contained the message.

	[[Easter Eggs]] can vary considerably in sizes. The [[Super Mario series]] included entire levels as [[Easter Eggs]], including an underwater world that is seemingly endless. Topping this, the whole game [[Maniac Mansion]] is included as an [[Easter Eggs\|Easter Egg]] in its sequel [[Day of the Tentacle]]. [[Star Trek: The Next Generation]] is worth mentioning since it is a [[:Category:Pinball Games\|Pinball Game]] with a [[Breakout]]-like game as an [[Easter Eggs\|Easter Egg]].		[[Easter Eggs]] can vary considerably in sizes. The [[Super Mario series]] included entire levels as [[Easter Eggs]], including an underwater world that is seemingly endless. Topping this, the whole game [[Maniac Mansion]] is included as an [[Easter Eggs\|Easter Egg]] in its sequel [[Day of the Tentacle]]. [[Star Trek: The Next Generation]] is worth mentioning since it is a [[:Category:Pinball Games\|Pinball Game]] with a [[Breakout]]-like game as an [[Easter Eggs\|Easter Egg]].
Line 20:		Line 20:

	== Using the pattern ==		== Using the pattern ==
	Designing [[Easter Eggs]] consisting of what they should contain, where in the [[Game Worlds]] they should exist, and making sure they are [[Optional Goals]]. [[Easter Eggs]] are typically [[Resources]] or [[Extra-Game Information]] (often humorous) but as the [[Day of the Tentacle]] and [[Star Trek: The Next Generation]] examples show, they can also be [[Minigames]]. To make them a challenge to find, they are often put in [[Secret Areas]] which also helps maintain the [[Thematic Consistency]] until they are found - this lets players make a choice between searching for [[Easter Eggs]] ~~but~~ probably experiencing thematic inconsistency or ignore these and probably not have any thematic inconsistencies. [[Minigames]] that are [[Easter Eggs]] do not need to make use of [[Secret Areas]] since they instead change the game presentation (or part of it) when players have found the ways of activating them; this is typically through having them "~~hiddden~~" in [[Installations]] or other [[Game Worlds\|Game World]] objects that can be found by sufficient [[Game World Exploration]].		Designing [[Easter Eggs]] consisting of what they should contain, where in the [[Game Worlds]] they should exist, and making sure they are [[Optional Goals]]. [[Easter Eggs]] are typically [[Resources]] or [[Extra-Game Information]] (often humorous) but as the [[Day of the Tentacle]] and [[Star Trek: The Next Generation]] examples show, they can also be [[Minigames]]. To make them a challenge to find, they are often put in [[Secret Areas]] which also helps maintain the [[Thematic Consistency]] until they are found - this lets players make a choice between searching for [[Easter Eggs]] and probably experiencing thematic inconsistency or ignore these and probably not have any thematic inconsistencies. [[Minigames]] that are [[Easter Eggs]] do not need to make use of [[Secret Areas]] since they instead change the game presentation (or part of it) when players have found the ways of activating them; this is typically through having them "hidden" in [[Installations]] or other [[Game Worlds\|Game World]] objects that can be found by sufficient [[Game World Exploration]].


Line 34:		Line 34:
	[[Easter Eggs]] are a way of providing [[Surprises]] in games by hiding secrets in [[Game Worlds]]. They are often a form of [[Extra-Game Information]] that breaks [[Thematic Consistency]], but do encourage [[Game World Exploration]] and [[Replayability]]. In [[Single-Player Games]], they add social components through creating [[Meta Games]] of finding the [[Easter Eggs]] before others, something that can lead to both [[Game-Induced Player Social Status]] and [[Bragging]] and through this to [[Social Interaction]] between players. The actual description of [[Easter Eggs]] and their locations are a form of [[Trans-Game Information]] between players.		[[Easter Eggs]] are a way of providing [[Surprises]] in games by hiding secrets in [[Game Worlds]]. They are often a form of [[Extra-Game Information]] that breaks [[Thematic Consistency]], but do encourage [[Game World Exploration]] and [[Replayability]]. In [[Single-Player Games]], they add social components through creating [[Meta Games]] of finding the [[Easter Eggs]] before others, something that can lead to both [[Game-Induced Player Social Status]] and [[Bragging]] and through this to [[Social Interaction]] between players. The actual description of [[Easter Eggs]] and their locations are a form of [[Trans-Game Information]] between players.

	While they most often are hidden within [[Secret Areas]] these are typically harder to find than other [[Secret Areas]] in the same game are thereby support [[Challenging Gameplay]] to complete the [[Optional Goals]] of finding these. This of course assumes that players have reasons to believe they exist (which be either be due to [[Clues]] or [[Trans-Game Information]] between players).		While they most often are hidden within [[Secret Areas]] these are typically harder to find than other [[Secret Areas]] in the same game are thereby support [[Challenging Gameplay]] to complete the [[Optional Goals]] of finding these. This of course assumes that players have reasons to believe they exist (which can be either due to [[Clues]] or due to [[Trans-Game Information]] between players).

	Knowledge about their existence provides Optional Goals of Exploration and may stimulate Social Interaction between game sessions to pass Trans-Game Information.		Knowledge about their existence provides Optional Goals of Exploration and may stimulate Social Interaction between game sessions to pass Trans-Game Information.

Staffan Björk at 07:05, 8 October 2011

2011-10-08T07:05:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:05, 8 October 2011
Line 20:		Line 20:

	== Using the pattern ==		== Using the pattern ==
	Designing [[Easter Eggs]] consisting of what they should contain, where in the [[Game Worlds]] they should exist, and making sure they are [[Optional Goals]].		Designing [[Easter Eggs]] consisting of what they should contain, where in the [[Game Worlds]] they should exist, and making sure they are [[Optional Goals]]. [[Easter Eggs]] are typically [[Resources]] or [[Extra-Game Information]] (often humorous) but as the [[Day of the Tentacle]] and [[Star Trek: The Next Generation]] examples show, they can also be [[Minigames]]. To make them a challenge to find, they are often put in [[Secret Areas]] which also helps maintain the [[Thematic Consistency]] until they are found - this lets players make a choice between searching for [[Easter Eggs]] but probably experiencing thematic inconsistency or ignore these and probably not have any thematic inconsistencies. [[Minigames]] that are [[Easter Eggs]] do not need to make use of [[Secret Areas]] since they instead change the game presentation (or part of it) when players have found the ways of activating them; this is typically through having them "hiddden" in [[Installations]] or other [[Game Worlds\|Game World]] objects that can be found by sufficient [[Game World Exploration]].


	~~Typical contents of~~ Easter Eggs ~~include Games within Games~~ or ~~Resources to modulate~~ the ~~Right Level~~ of ~~Difficulty~~. ~~The use of Games within Games~~ and ~~other~~ Easter Eggs ~~that effectively~~ change the ~~mode~~ of ~~play may be more suitable in Single-Player Games, since there~~ is ~~no need to try and synchronize and explain changes of play mode~~ in ~~these types of games.~~

	~~=== Can Be Instantiated By ===~~
	[[~~Secret Areas~~]]

	[[~~Minigames~~]] ~~together with~~ [[Game World Exploration]]


Line 48:		Line 40:
	== Relations ==		== Relations ==
	=== Can Instantiate ===		=== Can Instantiate ===
	~~[[Extra-Game Information]],~~
	[[Game World Exploration]],		[[Game World Exploration]],
	[[Optional Goals]],		[[Optional Goals]],
Line 70:		Line 61:
	[[Secret Areas]]		[[Secret Areas]]

	[[Minigames]] together with [[Game World Exploration]]		[[Minigames]] together with [[Game World Exploration]] or [[Installations]]

	=== Can Be Modulated By ===		=== Can Be Modulated By ===

Staffan Björk at 06:57, 8 October 2011

2011-10-08T06:57:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:57, 8 October 2011
Line 66:		Line 66:

	=== Can Be Instantiated By ===		=== Can Be Instantiated By ===
			[[Extra-Game Information]],
			[[Resources]],
	[[Secret Areas]]		[[Secret Areas]]

Staffan Björk: /* Using the pattern */

2011-10-08T06:56:27Z

Using the pattern

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:56, 8 October 2011
Line 20:		Line 20:

	== Using the pattern ==		== Using the pattern ==
	Designing Easter Eggs ~~includes choosing~~ where in the Game ~~World~~ they exist~~, what they contain, creating possible Clues to ease finding them~~, and making sure they are Optional Goals. Typical contents of Easter Eggs include Games within Games or Resources to modulate the Right Level of Difficulty. The use of Games within Games and other Easter Eggs that effectively change the mode of play may be more suitable in Single-Player Games, since there is no need to try and synchronize and explain changes of play mode in these types of games.		Designing [[Easter Eggs]] consisting of what they should contain, where in the [[Game Worlds]] they should exist, and making sure they are [[Optional Goals]].


			Typical contents of Easter Eggs include Games within Games or Resources to modulate the Right Level of Difficulty. The use of Games within Games and other Easter Eggs that effectively change the mode of play may be more suitable in Single-Player Games, since there is no need to try and synchronize and explain changes of play mode in these types of games.

	=== Can Be Instantiated By ===		=== Can Be Instantiated By ===
Line 27:		Line 30:
	[[Minigames]] together with [[Game World Exploration]]		[[Minigames]] together with [[Game World Exploration]]

	~~=== Can Be Modulated By ===~~
	[[Clues]]		[[Clues]] can by game designers that wish to make it likelier for players to find their [[Easter Eggs]].

	=== Diegetic Aspects ===		=== Diegetic Aspects ===

Staffan Björk at 06:54, 8 October 2011

2011-10-08T06:54:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:54, 8 October 2011
Line 37:		Line 37:

	== Consequences ==		== Consequences ==
	[[Easter Eggs]] are a way of providing [[Surprises]] in games by hiding secrets in [[Game Worlds]]. They are often a form of [[Extra-Game Information]] that breaks [[Thematic Consistency]], but do encourage [[Game World Exploration]] and [[Replayability]]. In [[Single-Player Games]], they add social components through creating [[Meta Games]] of finding the [[Easter Eggs]] before others, something that can lead to both [[Game-Induced Player Social Status]] and [[Bragging]] and through this to [[Social Interaction]] between players.		[[Easter Eggs]] are a way of providing [[Surprises]] in games by hiding secrets in [[Game Worlds]]. They are often a form of [[Extra-Game Information]] that breaks [[Thematic Consistency]], but do encourage [[Game World Exploration]] and [[Replayability]]. In [[Single-Player Games]], they add social components through creating [[Meta Games]] of finding the [[Easter Eggs]] before others, something that can lead to both [[Game-Induced Player Social Status]] and [[Bragging]] and through this to [[Social Interaction]] between players. The actual description of [[Easter Eggs]] and their locations are a form of [[Trans-Game Information]] between players.

	While they most often are hidden within [[Secret Areas]] these are typically harder to find than other [[Secret Areas]] in the same game are thereby support [[Challenging Gameplay]] to complete the [[Optional Goals]] of finding these. This of course assumes that players have reasons to believe they exist (which be either be due to [[Clues]] or [[Trans-Game Information]] between players).		While they most often are hidden within [[Secret Areas]] these are typically harder to find than other [[Secret Areas]] in the same game are thereby support [[Challenging Gameplay]] to complete the [[Optional Goals]] of finding these. This of course assumes that players have reasons to believe they exist (which be either be due to [[Clues]] or [[Trans-Game Information]] between players).

	Knowledge about their existence provides Optional Goals of Exploration and may stimulate Social Interaction between game sessions to pass Trans-Game Information. Easter Eggs may even promote Replayability, since players can have Player Defined Goals to find all Easter Eggs even after completing a game. The Consistent Reality Logic of an Alternative Reality can be negatively affected by Easter Eggs unless they only consist of Resources or purely aesthetic effects.		Knowledge about their existence provides Optional Goals of Exploration and may stimulate Social Interaction between game sessions to pass Trans-Game Information.

	== Relations ==		== Relations ==
Line 47:		Line 47:
	[[Extra-Game Information]],		[[Extra-Game Information]],
	[[Game World Exploration]],		[[Game World Exploration]],
			[[Optional Goals]],
	[[Replayability]],		[[Replayability]],
	[[Surprises]],		[[Surprises]],

Staffan Björk: /* Consequences */

2011-10-08T06:53:08Z

Consequences

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:53, 8 October 2011
Line 37:		Line 37:

	== Consequences ==		== Consequences ==
	[[Easter Eggs]] are a way of providing [[Surprises]] in games by hiding secrets in [[Game Worlds]]. They are often a form of [[Extra-Game Information]] that breaks [[Thematic Consistency]], but do encourage [[Game World Exploration]] and [[Replayability]].		[[Easter Eggs]] are a way of providing [[Surprises]] in games by hiding secrets in [[Game Worlds]]. They are often a form of [[Extra-Game Information]] that breaks [[Thematic Consistency]], but do encourage [[Game World Exploration]] and [[Replayability]]. In [[Single-Player Games]], they add social components through creating [[Meta Games]] of finding the [[Easter Eggs]] before others, something that can lead to both [[Game-Induced Player Social Status]] and [[Bragging]] and through this to [[Social Interaction]] between players.

	In [[Single-Player Games]], they add social components through creating [[Meta Games]] of finding the [[Easter Eggs]] before others, something that can lead to both [[Game-Induced Player Social Status]] and [[Bragging]] and through this to [[Social Interaction]] between players.

	While they most often are hidden within [[Secret Areas]] these are typically harder to find than other [[Secret Areas]] in the same game are thereby support [[Challenging Gameplay]] to complete the [[Optional Goals]] of finding these. This of course assumes that players have reasons to believe they exist (which be either be due to [[Clues]] or [[Trans-Game Information]] between players).		While they most often are hidden within [[Secret Areas]] these are typically harder to find than other [[Secret Areas]] in the same game are thereby support [[Challenging Gameplay]] to complete the [[Optional Goals]] of finding these. This of course assumes that players have reasons to believe they exist (which be either be due to [[Clues]] or [[Trans-Game Information]] between players).

	~~, which are extra-game rewards in addition to any other benefits they give.~~ Knowledge about their existence provides Optional Goals of Exploration and may stimulate Social Interaction between game sessions to pass Trans-Game Information. Easter Eggs may even promote Replayability, since players can have Player Defined Goals to find all Easter Eggs even after completing a game. The Consistent Reality Logic of an Alternative Reality can be negatively affected by Easter Eggs unless they only consist of Resources or purely aesthetic effects.		Knowledge about their existence provides Optional Goals of Exploration and may stimulate Social Interaction between game sessions to pass Trans-Game Information. Easter Eggs may even promote Replayability, since players can have Player Defined Goals to find all Easter Eggs even after completing a game. The Consistent Reality Logic of an Alternative Reality can be negatively affected by Easter Eggs unless they only consist of Resources or purely aesthetic effects.


	== Relations ==		== Relations ==