View source for Exaggerated Perception of Influence

[[Category:Patterns]]
[[Category:Subjective Patterns]]
[[Category:Needs revision]]
''Players perceive that they can influence the outcome of the game, regardless of whether this is correct or not.''

One of the appeals of games is arguable that players can influence what happens while playing, and feel that they have various possible ways in how exert that influence. However, that influence cannot be to powerful since then reaching any goal in any given game would become too easy and lose whatever potential for appeal it could otherwise have. This line of thought can both be found in the common advice on game design attributed to Sid Meier, “a [good] game is a series of interesting choices,” but also in how definitions of games mention goals, conflicts and uncertainty (e.g. Suit<ref name="GameDefSuit"/>, Salen & Zimmerman<ref name="GameDefSalen&Zimmerman"/>, Costikyan<ref name="GameDefCostikyan"/>, Juul<ref name="GameDefJuul"/>). Typically players' influences are limited through lack of information or skill in executing actions, through active opposition or through randomness in the outcome of actions.

Although it may see strange that designers would like to trick players they may wish to make players believe that the have more influence on the game than they do for two reasons. First, the designers have limited resources and may want the world to feel more open than it actually is by giving the players the illusion that they can explore or interact with more of the diegetic game world than they actually can. Second, the designers may wish to tell a story in a certain way or stage encounters in special ways without making the players realize that they are being guiding into a certain situation.

Some games allow actions that do not actually make players come closer to achieving goals, or even changing the game state. When these actions appear meaningful, including being meaningful to the player but not within a game state perspective, the players have an [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] within the game.

=== Examples ===
Games with well-developed stories, such as the [[Final Fantasy series|Final Fantasy]] or [[The Legend of Zelda series]], do not let players experience the stories unless they complete the goals. Since these stories are more or less linear the actual effect of players' actions on how the story finally ends is very limited (what the players' do control is if they get to experience it). Even in games where several branches in the story exists (e.g. [[Dragon Age: Origins]] or the [[Fallout series]]) the variations have also been created before the game sessions began. This does not mean that players of these types of games do not have any influence: locally the gameplay can give players high levels of influences and on a meta level players can have concrete choices of which achievements to collect and which strategies to try.

In [[September 12th]] players are given the impression that they can free the world of terrorism by killing individual terrorist but learn through gameplay that their own actions create more terrorists. By thus providing players with an [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] they unknowingly engage in a futile activity designed to make them reflect on approaches to combating terrorism.

== Using the pattern ==
Given that players' perceptions of influence in a games is a highly subjective issue, designing for this pattern to occur in games is difficult and many solutions can easily backfire if players realize that a certain pattern is used to try and achieve an erroneous opinion of their own importance. In fact, when players no longer become better at playing a game and fully understand their possibilities of influencing the game, it may be impossible to achieve the pattern for those players. Since one way of no being able to improve in a game is to have fully mastered it, [[Game Mastery]] is typically in conflict with [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]]. That being said, this pattern can mainly be instantiated in games in two ways. First, through affecting how strongly players can control the gameplay and, second, how many options players have when trying to affect it. These do not have to be strongly related but can of course be combined. In addition to this, players can be given much influence on one level of interaction within the game without being able to change the way the game develops on overall.

Providing players with [[Buffs]], [[Increased Abilities]], [[New Abilities]], [[Tools]], or access to [[Controllers]] may cause [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] regardless of how large the gameplay benefit is or if it is a [[Temporary Abilities]]; this simply because the mentioned patterns cause a change in the level of influence the players have (this may be especially true in games with [[Red Queen Dilemma]] structures). [[Balancing Effects]] can give players [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] simply because the games provide help to them, but this may backfire if clearly detected by the players and then lead to a lost perception of influence instead.

For providing control over gameplay, letting players have a [[Determinable Chance to Succeed]] can be a basis for [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]]. Even if this may seem paradoxical since they know exactly how big chance they have to complete some action or goal, the figure shown to them may not be the actual chance succeeding. For the chance of single actions, [[Interruptible Actions]] may add extra uncertainty and thereby make the figure not accurate of the real chance of success. For goals that require many actions the chances shown may not take into considerations of actions taken by [[Enemies]] or other players in [[Multiplayer Games]], and simply adding up the probabilities may skew players' expectations to be too great. [[Grinding]] may be another way to achieve the same effect, since even if one has a small chance of succeeding one may believe that one can after many actions reach a goal. [[Randomness]] can achieved [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] but this is a volatile solution since it depends on players feeling that they have [[Luck]], and it they do not the [[Randomness]] counters the effect rather than supports it. [[Fudged Results]] instantiated through [[Extra Chances]] can compensate for this to a certain degree. This perception is also brittle in the sense that players with [[Strategic Knowledge]] about the [[Randomness]] or about the statistics involved will not have the perception (even with the presence of [[Extra Chances]]), and for games with [[Replayability]] many players may achieve this form of [[Game Mastery]]. Even so this is one of the few ways to support [[No Direct Player Influence]].

Presenting many options to players is quite easily done with [[Freedom of Choice]]. It is a usually an requirement for [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] since even if the players' actions could affect the game world in significant ways the players' contribution is diminished if there was no other choice. However, it is not always necessary. Games that test players' skills in performing certain tasks through [[Dexterity-Based Actions]], e.g. [[Timing]], [[Aim & Shoot]], [[Maneuvering]], let players have a possibility to influence the outcome of the gameplay even if there is only one option of what should be done. Having many options is most interesting when one has enough time to consider them. Since this can be difficult to provide in games with [[Limited Planning Abilities]], e.g. through requiring [[Attention Swapping]] or having [[Time Pressure]], these patterns counter [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]]. In contrast, games with [[Tactical Planning]] provide these as do [[Turn-Based Games]] and [[Tick-Based Games]] when there is enough time between each tick. 

[[Game Masters]] can provide as many possible actions to players as they find plausible while maintaining [[Thematic Consistency]]. Further, they can skew the outcome to players' benefit (but typically have to do this to both maintain [[Thematic Consistency]] and [[Player Balance]]) and can fake the [[Randomness]] that they are responsible for generating. However, since [[Game Masters]] can also cause [[Ultra-Powerful Events]] whenever they choose to, they may work against [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] if they are too liberal with using their power. [[Companions]] is one tool that can be used by [[Game Masters]] for this purpose, but those under the control of [[Algorithmic Agents]] can also be used in this way. The ability of other people that those playing the game, e.g. through [[Non-Player Help]], can also work against the pattern since it lowers the overall influence the players themselves have on the outcome of the game.

[[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] can be difficult on a global level to maintain in [[Unwinnable Games]], or those with [[Drop-In/Drop-Out]] or enforced [[No-Ops]]. The same also applies to games with [[Challenging Gameplay]], e.g. those with [[Algorithmic Agents]] that oppose the players too well (those that play too badly cause problems for this pattern as well). To achieve its' presence in these cases, one instead has to focus on giving players' too strong impressions of their own influence on a local level. One way to achieve this is through [[Smooth Learning Curves]], since these can let players have a good chance of success initially and maintain that by slowly increasing the difficulty. This can be complemented by [[Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment]] or other [[Handicap Systems]] so that the game system behind the scenes makes the game easier at whatever points players happen to have problems (but this solution has the same problem as [[Randomness]]; if players have [[Strategic Knowledge]] about its presence it may hinder rather than support the intended effect). For [[Unwinnable Games]], use of the [[Red Queen Dilemma]] pattern can give an [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] since the actual improvement provided by for example [[Tools]], [[New Abilities]], and [[Improved Abilities]], can be countered through more difficult [[Enemies]] and [[Traps]]. This is typically combined with [[Abstract Player Construct Development]] or [[Character Development]], and can be boosted through [[Player-Created Characters]] or the [[Creative Control]] that [[Player-Planned Development]] allows.

=== Diegetic Aspects ===
To a certain extent [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] can be achieved through diegetic means by making [[Enemies]] look more powerful than players' [[Avatars]] if they at the same time know that they have a good chance of succeeding.

=== Interface Aspects ===
In games which promote [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] through the ability of [[Tactical Planning]], [[Progress Indicators]] and [[Game State Indicators]] are interface patterns that can support the planning ability.

== Consequences ==
[[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] can affect [[Emotional Attachment]], as it makes players feel that their actions are important in the game and that there is [[Value of Effort]] for these. The possibility to influence encourages [[Stimulated Planning]] but this, and the perception of influence, is restricted by [[Limited Foresight]] and [[Limited Planning Abilities]] in the games.

As mentioned above, patterns such as [[Challenging Gameplay]], [[No-Ops]], [[Drop-In/Drop-Out]], [[Randomness]], and [[Unwinnable Games]] in themselves may diminish players' sense of being able to affect the outcome of the gameplay in a game. Further, [[Narration Structures]], due to limitations on possible actions and what order events need to occur, naturally limit players' in having an [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]], and this is most strongly affected by the presence of [[Cutscenes]] but this can also be the case for [[Scripted Information Sequences]] if the fact that there is a script becomes apparent. Indeed, beginning to play a game that one knows has a strong story is done with the [[Extra-Game Information]] that one has a limited impact on the possible stories that can develop. Related to [[Narration Structures]], [[Enforced Agent Behavior]] and [[Ultra-Powerful Events]] can destroy the sense of [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] in games, even if players can influence the initiation of the latter, since they cannot affect their development. [[Surprises]], also related to [[Narration Structures]], are likewise events that can destroy the perception since they cannot be anticipated. 

The presence of others players in [[Multiplayer Games]] can work against an [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] in many ways. First, [[Balancing Effects]] can make early successes meaningless and later successes less valuable.  Second, when [[Shared Penalties]] exist players may receive these without having caused them and without having and possibility of avoiding them. Third, many types of [[Social Interaction]] including [[Dynamic Alliances]], [[Kingmaker]], and [[Voting]] may make a single player only have influence in direct inverse proportion to how many players are playing, or worse when one is in a leading position. [[Scapegoats]] in particular may strongly counter [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] for those being pointed out as such. In contrast, even if they may not change the overall level of influence for individual players, delegating power over outcomes to individual players can increase the sense of influence in [[Multiplayer Games]]. This includes [[Player-Decided Distributions]] , [[Free Gift Inventories]], and the previously mentioned [[Voting]]. One case were [[Multiplayer Games]] can give provide [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]] is when players are in clear dependency of others, e.g. through [[Delayed Reciprocity]] or [[Helplessness]].

Anything that actually lessens players abilities to influence the gameplay naturally works against an [[Exaggerated Perception of Influence]]. This includes [[Ability Losses]], [[Decreased Abilities]], and [[Penalties]] in all cases except when players for some reason do not believe that effect them as severely as they in fact do.

== Relations ==
=== Can Instantiate ===
[[Emotional Attachment]], [[Stimulated Planning]], [[Value of Effort]] 

==== with [[Randomness]] ====
[[No Direct Player Influence]]

=== Can Modulate ===
-

=== Can Be Instantiated By ===
[[Abstract Player Construct Development]], 
[[Aim & Shoot]], 
[[Balancing Effects]], 
[[Buffs]], 
[[Character Development]], [[Companions]], 
[[Controllers]], 
[[Determinable Chance to Succeed]], [[Dexterity-Based Actions]], [[Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment]], [[Extra Chances]], [[Freedom of Choice]], [[Free Gift Inventories]], [[Fudged Results]], [[Game Masters]], [[Grinding]], 
[[Handicap Systems]], 
[[Increased Abilities]],
[[Maneuevering]], 
[[New Abilities]], 
[[Player-Created Characters]], 
[[Player-Decided Distributions]], [[Player-Planned Development]], [[Progress Indicators]], [[Randomness]], [[Red Queen Dilemma]], [[Smooth Learning Curves]], [[Tactical Planning]], 
[[Temporary Abilities]], 
[[Tick-Based Games]], [[Timing]], 
[[Tools]], 
[[Turn-Based Games]], [[Voting]]

[[Multiplayer Games]] together with [[Helplessness]] or [[Delayed Reciprocity]]

=== Can Be Modulated By ===
[[Game State Indicators]]

=== Possible Closure Effects ===
-

=== Potentially Conflicting With ===
[[Ability Losses]], [[Algorithmic Agents]], [[Attention Swapping]], [[Balancing Effects]], [[Challenging Gameplay]], [[Cutscenes]], [[Decreased Abilities]], [[Determinable Chance to Succeed]], [[Drop-In/Drop-Out]], [[Dynamic Alliances]], [[Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment]], [[Enemies]], [[Enforced Agent Behavior]], [[Game Masters]], [[Game Mastery]], 
[[Helplessness]], 
[[Interruptible Actions]], [[Kingmaker]], [[Limited Foresight]], [[Limited Planning Abilities]], [[Multiplayer Games]], [[Narration Structures]], [[Non-Player Help]], [[No-Ops]], [[Randomness]], [[Scapegoats]], 
[[Scripted Information Sequences]], 
[[Shared Penalties]], 
[[Strategic Knowledge]], 
[[Surprises]], [[Time Pressure]], [[Unwinnable Games]], [[Ultra-Powerful Events]], [[Voting]]

== History ==
A heavily revised version of the pattern ''Illusion of Influence'' that was part of the original collection in the book ''Patterns in Game Design''<ref name="Bjork & Holopainen 2004"/>.

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="Bjork & Holopainen 2004">Björk, S. & Holopainen, J. (2004). Patterns in Game Design. Charles River Media. ISBN 1-58450-354-8.</ref>
<ref name="GameDefSuit">Suits, B. (2005). The Grasshopper: Games, Life and Utopia. Broadview Press. ISBN 155111772X</ref>
<ref name="GameDefSalen&Zimmerman">Salen, K & Zimmerman, E. (2003). Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals. The MIT Press. ISBN 0262240459</ref>
<ref name="GameDefCostikyan">Costikyan, G. (2005). [http://www.costik.com/nowords2002.pdf I Have No Words & I Must Design: Toward a Critical Vocabulary for Games]. Proceedings of Computer Games and Digital Cultures Conference, ed. Frans Mäyrä. Tampere University Press</ref>
<ref name="GameDefJuul">Juul, J. (2005). Half-Real: Video Games between Real Rules and Fictional Worlds.  The MIT Press. ISBN 0262101106</ref>
</references>